Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Renewable Energy - Essay Example 0.4502 0.0162 7 0.3919 0.0156 8 0.4226 0.0156 9 0.4172 0.0171 10 0.4081 0.0177 11 0.4000 0.0194 12 0.3946 0.0206 13 0.3634 0.0236 14 0.3347 0.0275 15 0.3547 0.0251 16 0.3493 0.0247 17 0.2814 0.0354 18 0.3028 0.0277 19 0.3727 0.0329 20 0.3095 0.0487 21 0.3237 0.0400 22 0.3279 0.0550 The corresponding graph was drawn. 0.70.60.50.40.3 0.20.1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 (Ti-Ta)/GT From the chart, FR ()=intercept=0.4912. (49.12%) FR UL=Slope=(4.912/(-8.236))=0.596 2. Assess the suitability of the most appropriately oriented part of your roof for installing a solar water heater. How will this affect the performance of the proposed solar water heaters (If you live in an apartment with a flat roof I guess you'll have to pretend that you live on the top floor!) Would there be any practical limitations to the installation of a SWH system. On the roof, the best part would be dependent on two factors: first, it has to be near or at the center part of the roof so that more amount of sunlight falls on the SWH for a longer period of time (from dawn to dusk). Second, it has to be at a requisite to keep it out of reach from children. The limitations in any case would be the amount of open space that can be found on the roof and whether that open space is well lit by sunlight for most part of the day. Also the cost of maintaining and... ) Would there be any practical limitations to the installation of a SWH system. On the roof, the best part would be dependent on two factors: first, it has to be near or at the center part of the roof so that more amount of sunlight falls on the SWH for a longer period of time (from dawn to dusk). Second, it has to be at a requisite to keep it out of reach from children. The limitations in any case would be the amount of open space that can be found on the roof and whether that open space is well lit by sunlight for most part of the day. Also the cost of maintaining and the safety measures adopted play a critical role in the successful and efficient role of the SWH system. 3. Using your own house as an example estimate how much hot water your family consumes each year. (As a rough estimate determine how many showers, baths, and basins of hot water are used per week and make a pro-rata calculation for the annual hot water consumption. Remember that most hot water used would be mixed with the cold water. It's not important to be 100% accurate but this will give you an idea of the magnitude of the hot water usage. Average European hot water usage is currently in the range of 15-35 liters of hot water per person per day depending on if you shower or bath!) 4.

What are three reasons why students fail university-level classes 3 Essay

What are three reasons why students fail university-level classes 3 reasons why they pass - Essay Example If they love their course enough, they will study that hard, or even discover more things in order for them to learn more. This means learning must have become the primary concern for them. Students who aim for higher learning are making it good especially in their class performance (Hunt 83). Second, those students who pass university classes are setting for themselves vital goals for them to achieve. This means that it will be harder for them to be involved in some sort of distractions, as going to school and learning things have become their primary considerations why they are in school in the first place. Another potential reason why students pass university classes is because they have the specific level of intelligence required to understand and pass the course. With this in mind, they will be able to pass exams, actively participate and be involved in class discussions and so

Congestive Cardiac Failure With Digoxin Toxicity

Congestive Cardiac Failure With Digoxin Toxicity Contents (Jump to) Criterion-1 Causes, Incidences and Risk Factors of Congestive Cardiac Failure with Digoxin Toxicity: Comprehensive Understanding of the Disease on Patient and Family: Criterion-2 Signs Symptoms Pathophysiology Criterion-3 Drug Class Physiological Effect Criterion-4 Interventions-Rationales: Comprehensive Treatment of the Identified Condition: Supportive care Electrolyte abnormality management Bradycardia management Hemodynamic compromise management Ongoing monitoring and change of medicine CASE STUDY ON CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE WITH DIGOXIN TOXICITY Criterion-1 Causes, Incidences and Risk Factors of Congestive Cardiac Failure with Digoxin Toxicity: Digoxin toxicity caused by high levels of digitalis in the body. As in our case study Mrs. Sharon McKenzie, a 77 year old woman, used to take daily 250 mcg of digoxin, which is a very high dose for adult patients. Especially those, who are suffering from congestive cardiac failure, like our patient Mrs. Sharon McKenzie (Neo, et al, 2010). Body receives the therapeutic effect when it stores of 8 to 12 mcg/kg generally with minimum risk of toxicity in most patients with failure of heart and normal sinus or breathing rhythm (Mangoni, 2010). People withheart failurewho have this digoxin are commonly prescribed medications called diuretics that remove excess fluid from the part of body. This is also happens that many diuretics can cause potassium loss from the body (Johnson, Inder, Nagle Wiggers, 2010). Though ultimately it increases the risk of digitalis toxicity. Again, our patient, Mrs. Sharon McKenzie’s potassium level is low; 2.5 mmol/l. whereas a normal potassium level ranges from 3.5-5.0 mmol/l. You are more likely to fall into that condition if you take digoxin, digitoxin, or other digitalismedicinesalong with the higher effective drugs that interact withit such as flecainide, quinidine, amiodarone, verapamil, and others. Similarly, Mrs. Sharon McKenzie’s was also taking medication with digoxin like furosemide, warfarin, and enalapril (Siabani, Leeder Davidson, 2013). In recent years the incidence of digoxin toxicity has dropped among patients in hospitals. A study has been done on 183 outpatients, who are receiving on going treatment of digoxin toxicity at 10 urban and rural Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the Rocky Mountain region, to evaluate whether a similar decline of digoxin toxicity has occurred or not. The statistics over 1-year period, of that study is like that: Out of the 183 patients: 50 (27.3%) had one or more risk factors for digoxin toxicity. Serum digoxin levels were elevated in 13.6% of patients. Hypokalemia in 14.3%. Elevated creatinine levels in 17.9%. And possible drug interactions in 5.5% of patients. The most common risk factor of digoxin toxicity is the patient’s elderly age. Like in our case study, Mrs. Sharon McKenzie is also 77-year old woman. However there are other risk factors too, which render the elderly more vulnerable to digoxin toxicity. These contain an age-related decline in renal function and a decrease in volume of digoxin distribution. There is also an increase in the number of comorbid conditions, including cardiovascular and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which heightens vulnerability to digoxin toxicity. Comprehensive Understanding of the Disease on Patient and Family: Digoxin toxicity is a life-threatening condition, and when a serious disease like congestive cardiac failure caused by digoxin toxicity then it can impact severely in a bad way on a patient as well as his/her family (Betihavas, 2011). Due to which his/her family also suffer by seeing their loved one mentally disturbed. Often the patients with CHF who are depressed or who lack social support, the higher the support from the social side the higher the rate of healing as the family and the patient both in complex and double trouble. Criterion-2 Signs Symptoms Pathophysiology Severe ventricular arrhythmias: Sudden cardiac death and loss of consciousness are the basic signs and symptoms of the cardiac arrhythmias. Complaints such as dizziness, lightheadedness, fluttering, dizziness, and pounding, chest discomfort, quivering, shortness of breath, and forceful or painful fast beats are commonly reported with arrhythmias patients. Often, patients notice arrhythmias only after checking their peripheral pulses (Mudge, et al, 2010). The pathogenesis of the arrhythmias falls into one of two basic mechanisms: increased or covered up automaticity, triggered activity, or re-entry. Triggered activity occurs when early after depolarization and delayed after depolarization initiate spontaneous multiple depolarization, precipitating ventricular arrhythmias (Johnson, Inder, Nagle Wiggers, 2010). Arrhythmogenesis is probably the most common procedure and results from re-entry. It causes the change of state of mind and mood too. 2) Hyperkalemia: Higher potassium rate in your blood can affect how your heart works. Symptoms of hyperkalemia can include: Abnormal heart rhythm arrhythmia that can be life-threatening Slowheart rate Weakness (Neo, et al, 2010) Hyperkalemia may result from an increase in total body potassium secondary to imbalance of intake vs. excretion or from misdistribution between intra- and extracellular space (Nanda, 2009). 3) Hypokalemia: Usually symptoms of low potassium are mild Weakness, tiredness, or pain in arms or legs muscles, sometimes this might be so severe to cause inability and disability to move arms or legs due to weakness of muscles (much like a paralysis) (Hughes Crowe, 2010) Tingling or numbness Nausea or vomiting Abdominal cramping, bloating Constipation Palpitations (feeling your heart beat irregularly) Urine passing rate is too high simultaneously feeling thirsty mostly (Neo, et al, 2010). In the heart, low potassium levels make the myositis hypo-polarized or hyper excitable. Thus, arrhythmia occurs as a result of the atrium’s lowered membrane potential due to recovery from inactivation of the Na channel, which may trigger an action potential. In addition to this, reduced potassium in the extracellular space inhibits the IKr potassium current activity, and ventricular depolarization is delayed, which thereby promotes reentrant arrhythmias (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). 4) Neurologic Symptoms: In the identified condition, the patient may also go through with neurologic symptoms which are: Visual disturbances, disorientation, and confusion.You might experience confusion. Although rare, you might also see bright spots, have blurry vision, or experience blind spots. In addition, you might urinate much more or less than usual (Betihavas, 2011). Your body could also become swollen. The physiologies of neurological symptoms are not easy to judge and too complex and our getting of them are incomplete mostly. From an evolutionary perspective it is easy to judge the neurological symptoms. Though it makes sense that the genuine physiologies of neurological symptoms are intricate and interrelated (Courtney, et al, 2009). 5) Sinus Node Dysfunction: Sinus node dysfunction refers to a number of conditions causing physiologically inappropriate atrial rates. Symptoms may be minimal or include weakness, effort intolerance, palpitations, and syncope. Diagnosis is by ECG. Symptomatic patients require a pacemaker. Sinus node dysfunction includes inappropriate and misbalancing the sinus bradycardia, alternating bradycardia and atrial tachyarrhythmia, sinus pause or arrest, and sinoatrial exit block (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). SND also causes the abnormalities in SN impulse formation and propagation that also causes abnormalities in the atrium and in the conduction system of the heart (Higgins, et al, 2013). Slow ventricular rates and pauses at the time of stress is the general causes, furthermore, it includes following: Fatigue Angina Syncope Dizziness Fall Confusion Heart failure symptoms and palpitations Criterion-3 Drug Class Physiological Effect Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: ACE inhibitors cause blood vessels broadness, further descent the amount of work the heart has to do they may also have direct beneficial effects on the heart. These drugs are reducing the symptoms and the need for hospitalization moreover they are helpful to prolong life (Mudge, et al, 2010). Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers drugs lower down the heart rate and block excessive blockage in the heart. They also helpful in the heart disease. These drugs are usually used with ACE inhibitors and provide an added benefit. They may temporarily worsen symptoms but result in long-term improvement in heart function (Betihavas, 2011). Although ACE inhibitors improve outcome in patients with systolic dysfunction, many patients with hypertension experience congestive heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction related to left ventricular hypertrophy. ACE inhibitors have been shown to reverse left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension.A meta-analysis of the effects of several antihypertensive agents suggested that ACE inhibitors were the most effective agent in reducing left ventricular hypertrophy (Katz Konstam, 2012). Beta blocker is helpful in improving the function of the failing LV and need to prevent or reverse progressive LV dilation, sphericity, chamber and hypertrophy. Beta blockers also lower down the heart beating rate and LV wall stress. According to recent studies from laboratories have also proven that beta blockers can satisfy cardiomyocyte apoptosis in HF. These are the basic advantages and benefit of beta-blocker for the patient of heart at any higher stage (Katz Konstam, 2012). Criterion-4 As a registered nurse, my care plan for a patient suffering from Congestive Cardiac Failure with digoxin toxicity would be like, (Driscoll, et al, 2009) Interventions-Rationales: I realize that I would hold the medication Due to possibility of toxicity Wait for Electrolytes and digoxin test, as these tests were already ordered for our patient electrolytes can affect the action of dig and cause dysthymias and to find out the level of dig Monitor I O monitoring for renal function Monitor for edema and auscultator the lungs Monitor symptoms, VS S/E of dig toxicity Call the doctor. To get orders to carry out interventions and inform doctor Start an IV. For administration of medications (Mudge, et al, 2010). Comprehensive Treatment of the Identified Condition: The main goal of treatment is to correct cardiac toxicity.If the person has stopped breathing, as our patient Mrs.Sharon McKenzie confronting with shortness of breath, startCPRand get emergency medical help (Betihavas, 2011). Initial treatment includes: General supportive care Discontinuation of digoxin therapy and prevention of further exposure Administration of digoxin-specific antibody fragments (digoxin immune Fab) Treatment of specific complications: for example, dysrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). Supportive care General supportive care includes attaching patients to a cardiac monitor, providing IV fluids in patients with hypotension or volume depletion (with caution for patients with CHF), supplemental oxygen, and/or repletion of electrolytes in patients with electrolyte abnormalities (Mudge, et al, 2010). Electrolyte abnormality management In case of Mrs. Sharon McKenzie, hyperkalemia is only corrected (e.g., with insulin/glucose) if it is considered life-threatening, because of the risk of producing hypokalemia, because her potassium level is low i.e. 2.5 mmol/l. One study showed that insulin interacts directly with Na(+)/K(+) ATPase pump and alters the effect of digoxin (Betihavas, 2011). This supports the finding that for patients with diabetes, insulin has been shown to have cardio protective effects after digoxin intoxication. Calcium is not used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with suspected digoxin toxicity as it may induce arrhythmia or cardiac arrest. Bradycardia management As Mrs. Sharon McKenzie’s ECG report showed sinus bradycardia, this will be treated with atropine. Atropine can be given every 3 to 5 minutes until there is a response or the 3 mg maximum dose is reached (San Miguel, et al, 2013). Hemodynamic compromise management As Mrs. Sharon McKenzie has signs of hemodynamic insufficiency and/or compromise (e.g., hypotension, altered consciousness or dizziness), digoxin immune Fab is given as primary management (Mudge, et al, 2010). Ongoing monitoring and change of medicine Ideally, digoxin is discontinued and a different medicine for rate control or a different inotrope prescribed (for AF, atrial flutter or CHF, respectively). If the patient has to remain on digoxin for some reason, then the dose of digoxin is adjusted for the patients medication profile (Edgley, Krum Kelly, 2012). Referencing: Jeon, Y. H., Kraus, S. G., Jowsey, T., Glasgow, N. J. (2010). The experience of living with chronic heart failure: a narrative review of qualitative studies. BMC health services research, 10(1), 77. Hughes, J., Crowe, A. (2010). Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of digoxin and its metabolites by macrolide antibiotics. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 113(4), 315-324. Mangoni, A. A., Woodman, R. J., Gaganis, P., Gilbert, A. L., Knights, K. M. (2010). Use of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ steroidal antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ inflammatory drugs and risk of incident myocardial infarction and heart failure, and allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cause mortality in the Australian veteran community. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 69(6), 689-700. Siabani, S., Leeder, S. R., Davidson, P. M. (2013). Barriers and facilitators to self-care in chronic heart failure: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 320. Courtney, M., Edwards, H., Chang, A., Parker, A., Finlayson, K., Hamilton, K. (2009). Fewer Emergency Readmissions and Better Quality of Life for Older Adults at Risk of Hospital Readmission: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Week Exercise and Telephone Followà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Up Program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(3), 395-402. Nanda, A., Chen, M. H., Braccioforte, M. H., Moran, B. J., D’Amico, A. V. (2009). Hormonal therapy use for prostate cancer and mortality in men with coronary artery disease–induced congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. Jama, 302(8), 866-873. Edgley, A. J., Krum, H., Kelly, D. J. (2012). Targeting Fibrosis for the Treatment of Heart Failure: A Role for Transforming Growth Factorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ÃŽ ². Cardiovascular therapeutics, 30(1), e30-e40. Betihavas, V., Newton, P. J., Du, H. Y., Macdonald, P. S., Frost, S. A., Stewart, S., Davidson, P. M. (2011). Australias health care reform agenda: Implications for the nurses’ role in chronic heart failure management. Australian Critical Care, 24(3), 189-197. Mudge, A., Denaro, C., Scott, I., Bennett, C., Hickey, A., A Jones, M. (2010). The paradox of readmission: effect of a quality improvement program in hospitalized patients with heart failure. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 5(3), 148-153. Johnson, N. A., Inder, K. J., Nagle, A. L., Wiggers, J. H. (2010). Attendance at outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: is it enhanced by specialist nurse referral. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(4), 31-37. Higgins, R., Navaratnam, H. S., Murphy, B. M., Walker, S., Worcester, M. U. M. U. (2013). Outcomes of a chronic heart failure training program for health professionals. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(7), p68. Driscoll, A., Davidson, P., Clark, R., Huang, N., Aho, Z. (2009). Tailoring consumer resources to enhance self-care in chronic heart failure. Australian Critical Care, 22(3), 133-140. Neo, J. H., Ager, E. I., Angus, P. W., Zhu, J., Herath, C. B., Christophi, C. (2010). Changes in the renin angiotensin system during the development of colorectal cancer liver metastases. BMC cancer, 10(1), 134. Katz, A. M., Konstam, M. A. (2012).Heart failure: pathophysiology, molecular biology, and clinical management. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. San Miguel, J. F., Sonneveld, P., Orlowski, R. Z., Moreau, P., Rosià ±ol, L., Moslehi, J. J., Richardson, P. G. (2013). Quantifying the risk of heart failure associated with proteasome inhibition: a retrospective analysis of heart failure reported in phase 2 and phase 3 studies of bortezomib (Btz) in multiple myeloma (MM).Blood,122(21), 3187-3187

12 Angery Men :: essays research papers

12 Angry Men Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The jury member I chose to do my paper on was Mr. Davis (the member who voted not guilty first), because he used many task messages, did not allow physical factors to affect his decisions, and was a successful emergent leader at some points in the case.These three points made Mr. Davis a very effective communicator. Using task messages made Davis effective because he kept the group moving along towards it’s goal. Not allowing physical factors into his decisions allowed him to make better choices. Being an emergent leader made Mr. Davis effective because he showed leadership when it was needed. Mr. Davis is an effective communicator because he used assorted task messages, did not allow physical factors into his decisions, and became an emergent leader at certain times in the discussion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing that made Mr. Davis an effective communicator was that he used many task messages. One type of task message he used was initiating. An example of this would be when he first voted not guilty and everyone else did, and had everyone tell him why they thought the boy was guilty. Another type of task message Mr. Davis used was gathering information. This would be when he asked everyone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  at the table to give their opinion on why the boy was guilty or not. Although the task messages he used were the most obvious reasons why Mr. Davis was an effective communicator, another important point is that he did not allow petty physical factors into his judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second most obvious way in which Mr. Davis was an effective communicator was how he kept physical factors out of his decisions. One physical factor that he kept out his decisions was time. Some of the jury members allowed the time for discussion to affect their decisions, by wanting to get the case over with. Another physical factor Mr. Davis did not take into account was his personal goals. Unlike some of the other jury members, Mr. Davis wanted to find out if the boy really was guilty or not. The fact that Mr. Davis did not allow physical factors into his decisions was an important point, but equally important was how he emerged as a leader at critical points.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important part of Mr. Davis’ effective communication was how he arose as a leader during the case. One such time was at the beginning when Mr.

Influence of Dominant Culture

Eunice Oh Jerome 2/24/11 Essay 3 Draft 1 Influences of Dominant Cultures There are many historical stories and daily events where we can see influences of dominant cultures. When a dominant power controls a minority power, there can have some positive effects; however, most of the influences are negative. The memoir, When I Was Puerto Rican, by Esmeralda Santiago, is a great example of how the majority can have a variety of influences on the minority.The influences of a dominant culture on others can cause some limitations upon the minority’s actions or behaviors that can be seen as â€Å"against the norm†, can cause the minority to lose their culture and assimilate into the majority and possibly lead to suffering, mistreatment, and discrimination by majority groups. The dominant culture or power can cause some limitations to the minority’s actions. In the memoir, When I Was Puerto Rican, Negi shows how men have power over women in a family. In Puerto Rico, men a re supposed to work outside and be the breadwinner of the family.Women are not expected to have a job, but instead are subjected to a domestic role, such as doing the housework and raising children. This dominant traditional culture imposes many limitations on women such as not as many jobs are available compared to the opportunities offered to men and need to get married before they reach a certain age to not be called Jamonas, which translates to â€Å"old, unmarried woman†. In the memoir, Mami gets a job and tells Negi to take care of her siblings. This causes her family members to feel different ways.Negi expresses, â€Å"I couldn’t help the tears that broke my face into a million bits, which made her kneel and hold me†(112). Negi describes how Mami has to get up even earlier than before to make breakfast and go to work. The dominant culture of females doing the housework requires Mami to work both outside and at home. Also, since the dominant culture is exp ecting women to stay at home, people view Mami as a woman who does not fit with the norm. It is hard to break dominant traditional cultures that place many limitations on the minority.In Puerto Rico, people call unmarried old woman Jamonas. Because the dominant culture sees those women with certain perception, it already makes other people see Jamonas in a wrong way. This will impose many limitations on Jamonas’ actions such as when they try to get a job or to get married. Having limitations is not the only influence of the dominant culture. It can also cause the minority to lose their culture and become a part of the majority. In the article, â€Å"Alien Soil†, Jamaica Kincaid recalls what she sees about the influence of a dominant culture in her experience. There was naturally an attempt among some of them (Antiguans) to imitate their rulers in this particular way—by rearranging the landscape—and they did it without question†. Antiguan people are following the dominant ruler (the English) without noticing and questioning what they are doing. Since it is more likely that the majority will greatly influence the culture and way of life of the minority. It can result in the minority losing their culture. Also, as the dominant culture influences the minority, it is likely that the minority follows and believes that the dominant side seems right.When Hitler first became the dictator of Germany, it is certain that many citizens did not want Hitler to be the dictator. However, as Nazi power became dominant, citizens slowly jumped the bandwagon. Citizens, who could be seen as the minority in terms of power, chose to follow the new dominant culture in order to survive and for the good of the country. This resulted in tragedy, which killed an unbelievable number of Jewish people during World War II. Therefore, it is important to decide if it is okay to follow the dominant power.The Jewish people had to lose their culture since the Nazi s tried to wipe out the gene of the Jewish. They did not have any power to oppose Hitler, which just leads to their death. Puerto Rico can be seen as an independent country, but the ultimate power belongs to the United States. This indirect dominant power of the United States over Puerto Ricans causes many influences. The older generation in Puerto Rico mostly opposed on the United States having power over them, but the younger generation seems to prefer the way they live right now. This shift in opinion was because of dominant power.Since the United States helps them and was beneficial to them, the younger generation in Puerto Rico tend to follow the US’ dominant power. This might result in the loss of their culture due to the dominant culture’s influences. Another influence of the dominant culture is that the minority group usually suffers a lot of mistreatment and discrimination from the majority. Korea was once conquered by Japan around the early 1940’s, and some influences still remain as a scar in many people’s lives. Korea’s lack of improvement in the economy and educational system was later dominated by the Japanese style.This was one of the few good parts of Japanese dominant culture influences from Korea. However, there are many negative influences that required many sacrifices from Koreans. Japan was in the war with America at that time, therefore, Japan took most of the military resources from Korea. Most citizens were forced to work like slaves and not treated like human. Those sacrifices still remain in many people’s lives. It brings a lot of influences to younger generation, too. Koreans and Japanese often show hatred toward each other when thinking about their belligerent history.The memoir, Fairwell to Manzanar, by Jeanne Wakasuki, shows how the Japanese had to go through all the sacrifices because of the dominant power of the United States. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese people were placed in internment camps, even though they did not commit any crimes directly. However, the dominant power of the United States was enough to force the Japanese to the camps. It led to a lot of turmoil for them. Jeanne’s father lost his pride and power as the head of the family. They had to give up on their home, friends, and live in harsh conditions.This historical memoir shows that dominant power can influence the lives of many people just because of they are powerless to fight back. There can be many positive influences of dominant cultures. However, having the dominant power on the minority is more likely to influence them in negative ways. It can cause many disturbances, such as the loss of minority power, and can also lead to sacrifices from the minority to survive from the majority. Therefore, it is crucial for both the majority and minority to cooperate to ensure the prosperity of the collective.

O level papers

Are downloaded e-books a passing fad or are they here to stay? One attraction of e-books is that some of them are free. Others can be downloaded at a much cheaper price than the bookshop price, and for avid readers this is an obvious advantage because the money saved can be spent on other things, perhaps new clothes or days out. There is no need to make time-consuming trips to bookshops, which is a real hassle, especially for parents with children to bundle into the car or bus. Instead, books can be paid for and downloaded from the comfort of our own living room.E-readers don't take up much space, which makes a huge difference to people whose living space might be limited, for example, families with several young children wing for space for toys, games and all the paraphernalia of family life. Moreover, e-readers are extremely portable; instead of having to choose which book to take with you to read on the train, or having to narrow your choice to three or four books to fit into your holiday suitcase, you can have the delightful experience of carrying hundreds on your e-reader.E-readers are a blessing to short-sighted or visually-impaired readers because, as with all computer screens, the size of the print can be increased; no more squinting at the pages of a book or, worse, having the frustrating experience of not being able to read the book at all. Lights can also be attached to e-readers, and this is generally conducive to keeping eyes healthy. Users of e-readers can personalize their reading in the same way that people often personalize their mobile phones, as e-readers can be purchased with covers in a variety of materials and colors.While those who are generally wary of technology complain that e-readers are mere gimmicks, teachers and parents, who often regret that children don't read enough, hope that the novelty value of e-readers will lead to increased reading and improved examination results. Gone is the need for bookmarks and the frustration of losi ng the place in your book, as e-readers remember where you stopped reading and take you automatically to that point when you open up to start reading again. 4 However, e-readers have their critics too.There are those who say that e-readers ill bring about the closure of libraries, which will be a great loss to society as a whole. Although downloaded books are cheap or even free, the initial cost of e- readers is high, as they are essentially computer-based, and computers are expensive. This is all very well for those who can afford it, but it is socially divisive because not everyone can. If e-readers do bring about the closure of libraries, some people – those who can afford neither books nor the technology to read e-books – will have little opportunity to read at all. And what about the sheer, aesthetic pleasure f owning books? Many people delight in holding, and Just possessing, their favorite books. Snuggling up on the sofa with an e-reader pales into insignificanc e when compared with doing so with a ‘real' book. When people are moved to tears or to fury by characters or plots in a book, they instinctively tell their friends about it, and often books change hands and are temporarily swapped. This delight is denied to readers of e-books.Furthermore, students are not able to annotate e-books and use them for buying e-books from home, readers have to know what they are looking for, whereas rousing in a bookshop allows readers to stumble on books they might otherwise never have come across. It would be a great pity if bookshops had to close because they were unable to compete with e-readers, either because the customers didn't come any more, or because they were reluctant to pay the higher prices inevitably charged for books as opposed to e-books. Moreover, Jobs would be axed if bookshops closed. Will society have to pay too high a price for this latest technology?